A Closer Look at Life Cycle Cost: How do loss-in-weight vibratory feeders compare to screw feeders?

Manufacturing processes involve a wide variety of raw materials, depending on the industry, and there’s an equally wide variety of feeding options available on the market to bring these bulk materials into the process. In applications where free-flowing bulk solids need to be accurately fed to ensure an optimal end-product quality, single screw feeders are often the solution of choice. However, there are a variety of options that can get the job done besides single screw feeders, such as bulk solids pumps, belt feeders, and vibratory feeders. The feeding tool choice is generally based on various application aspects, including the bulk solid material’s characteristics, the desired feed rate, hazardous location limitations, the material’s flowability, and the space available for installing the equipment.

In many cases, both single screw feeders and vibratory feeders would be appropriate for the same application. In the past, vibratory feeders often had a big disadvantage compared to screw feeders due to problems with issues like feeding accuracy and vibration transmission to the equipment around them, which can cause disturbances. However, Coperion K-Tron has invested time and money in research and testing to optimize the technology. This investment has resulted in a vibratory feeder that’s more beneficial compared to a screw feeder not only technically but also in terms of cost, particularly when looking at the feeder’s total cost over its service life. In this article, we’ll explore exactly how the life cycle cost of the new K3 vibratory feeder compares to a single screw feeder.

What is life cycle cost?

The life cycle cost of an item is the total accumulated cost of a piece of equipment over its entire service life – this is generally divided into three phases: the procurement costs, the operating costs, and, finally, the recycling costs. In contrast to the total cost of ownership, the life cycle cost doesn’t take into account the interest rate for capital repayments or warehousing. This is mainly because each company works individually with different interest rates and storage costs.

For the purposes of this article, we’ll define a LIW feeder’s service life as 15 years. To understand how the individual costs develop for the two different feeder types, the three individual phases will be examined in more detail.

Procurement costs

Logically, the actual price paid for a vibratory feeder or screw feeder is the keystone of the procurement costs. However, there are other costs that must be figured in, such as transportation, customs tariffs, and installation, among others; in brief, all costs incurred to get the feeder installed and running. In broad terms, the procurement costs can, of course, be kept low by negotiating a low purchase price. However, the lowest price is not always the best offer.

To understand procurement costs better, we need to look more closely at how a price is actually calculated. You start with the material costs, which are necessary for feeder production, and add the labor costs incurred to build the feeder. Together with the overhead costs, this results in the manufacturing costs. The overhead costs include administration as well as research and development. Companies with their own research and development departments, which actively research new technologies and thereby achieve technological leadership, are more burdened on the cost side. Depending on the location, an equipment manufacturer may have a price advantage based on local labor costs, but, nevertheless, the material used is a major part of the manufacturing cost. In order to achieve a lower price, savings can be made by considering different material grades and quality but this would likely have an impact on the equipment’s operating costs and service life. In the last step, margin is added to the cost. From the customer’s point of view, it may seem that manufacturers can obtain high margins. Ultimately, however, demand is always closely related to price, and a company that tries to achieve excessive margins, as opposed to companies with realistic margins, will hardly have any demand and not be able to survive as a result.

What does all this information mean in our case? Screw feeders are available in many design standards in different qualities and prices. For the sake of this comparison, we’ll assume that a new generic single screw feeder, with a throughput of about 1,000 kg/h, will have an average procurement market price of $17,000. In contrast to this, the new Coperion K-Tron K3 vibratory feeder with similar throughput, with the advancements mentioned earlier, is about 50 percent more expensive at around $27,000. The transport costs of $1,000 and the commissioning costs of $2,000 will be similar for the two feeders. As a result, with a $10,000 difference in procurement costs, the screw feeder is definitely in the lead in terms of lowest cost at this point.

Operating costs

Assuming both machines run fully automatically, the LIW feeder’s operating costs include spare parts, maintenance, cleaning, and energy costs.

Spare parts costs. Users often look for savings in lower prices during procurement, but lower prices often mean lower quality materials, which generally result in a shorter service life. Therefore, we can safely assume that a lower investment cost can lead to an increased requirement for spare parts later on. Screw feeders have a number of wear parts – such as ball bearings, motor brushes, shaft seals, or even the screws themselves – that need to be replaced at regular intervals. For a screw feeder in the intermediate price range, experience shows that spare parts costing $1,500 are required annually. Calculated over a 15-year service life, spare parts costs for a LIW screw feeder amount to about $22,500, which is probably still a conservative estimate.

Because a vibratory feeder has no rotating parts, operators can save money by not having to purchase and replace wear parts, which is unlike the experience with a screw feeder. In addition, LIW vibratory feeders are developed in such a way that all force is directed into the bulk material, eliminating the need for mechanical spare parts, such as those required for the screw feeder. But, of course, the vibratory feeder’s electronics – the vibratory drive itself or its measurement technology – may fail or become outdated over the course of 15 years. Such a failure should be planned for during a vibratory feeder’s service life and would result in replacement or repair costs of about $7,000.

Maintenance costs. Let's move on to the maintenance work, which, in this example, will be carried out by an in-house expert. Assuming an hourly rate of $50, maintenance work is normally carried out twice a year, during summer and winter holidays. For the screw feeder, this maintenance includes a scale check or calibration as well as a change of seals, ball bearings, and other wear parts. An accurate scale check takes about 30 minutes and the replacement of wear parts takes about 1 hour, which totals $150 for 3 hours of maintenance per year. And for 15 years of operation, that’s about $2,250 in total maintenance costs for a screw feeder. In comparison, since the vibratory feeder doesn’t require the replacement of wear parts, maintenance is limited mainly to a scale check or calibration. This corresponds to 1 hour of work per year or $50, and over 15 years of operation, that’s about $750 for maintenance costs for a vibratory feeder.

Cleaning costs. The next item on the list is the cleaning costs. The disadvantage of screw feeders is that cleaning always requires mechanical work, such as removing the feeding screws and agitator, cleaning the screw shaft, and changing seals. Often, the many edges and corners in a screw feeder make cleaning difficult. A specialist can disassemble, clean, and reassemble a screw feeder in about 30 minutes, which doesn’t seem like a long time. However, when we look at the vibratory feeder, we see that the feeder can be easily cleaned with a cloth if the tray is the open type or has a quick-release cover that can be removed without tools. Since there are no rotating parts with seals that must be removed in a time-consuming and costly manner, vibratory feeder cleaning is uncomplicated and can be carried out quickly within a maximum of 15 minutes.

If we assume that either feeder type is cleaned at least once a week, we can calculate the amount of time spent cleaning each feeder for the whole year. A screw feeder takes 0.5 hours to be cleaned each week and assuming the feeder will be cleaned 50 weeks out of the year, that’s 25 cleaning hours per year. Whereas a vibratory feeder takes 0.25 hours to be cleaned each week and cleaning the feeder 50 weeks in a year amounts to 12.5 cleaning hours per year. Already we can see that the vibratory feeder takes half the time to clean than a screw feeder. Factoring in an hourly cost of $30 for a cleaner, the annual cleaning costs for a screw feeder amount to around $750 and $375 for the vibratory feeder. And extrapolated to an assumed service life of 15 years, the cleaning costs for the life of a screw feeder amount to $11,250 compared to just $5,625 for the life of a vibratory feeder.

Energy costs. In a production plant, the energy costs for a feeder are often ignored. After all, the feeders generally have relatively small motors with minimal energy requirements when compared to the whole plant. However, the energy requirements of various drives or motors can vary widely and have a noticeable impact on the feeder’s life cycle cost. In our example, the screw feeder, with a throughput of 1,000 kg/h, uses a 1.6-kilowatt motor. For the same throughput, the new K3 vibratory feeder consumes only 19 watts (or 0.019 kilowatts) of power. If we assume an average energy cost of 12 cents per kilowatt hour, a screw feeder costs 19.2 cents per hour of operation. In contrast, a vibratory feeder only costs 0.2 cents per hour. If these values are applied to 2,500 production hours per year, the total annual energy costs for a screw feeder amount to $480 and $5.70 for a vibratory feeder. And then extend those results to a 15-year equipment service life, and the energy costs for a screw feeder total $7,200 and the vibratory feeder $85.50.

Total operating costs. When all operating costs in this example are added together, a screw feeder has an annual cost of $2,880, while a vibratory feeder can be operated at a considerably lower cost of $430.70. The difference in the two feeders’ annual prices tells us that the vibratory feeder is much more economical than a screw feeder. And again, when we extend those annual amounts to a 15-year service life, the total operating costs for a screw feeder amount to $43,200 versus $13,460 for a vibratory feeder.

Recycling costs

In mechanical engineering, recycling costs are a combination of costs and revenues. On the cost side, this includes the costs of dismantling and disposing of nonrecyclable material. On the revenue side, selling equipment or recyclable raw materials would lead to income. For our example, let’s assume that dismantling either feeders’ system, similar to setup, costs about $2,000. From the sale of parts and raw materials, we’ll earn about $1,000, which will result in a net cost of $1,000. Considering that in this example, both feeders cost approximately the same to recycle and bring in the same profit from used parts and raw material, the difference in recycling costs between a screw feeder and a vibratory feeder is negligible. Of course, you could argue that one feeder brand has more value than the other and, therefore, has a higher residual value. However, this is hypothetical and too complex to include in this discussion.

One option offered by Coperion K-Tron for used equipment is modernization. This involves updating certain obsolete feeder components so that the equipment is once again like “brand new.” Equipment modernization allows you to update a 15-year-old feeder with attractive conditions so that the feeder can continue to be used for many years.

Total Life Cycle Cost

In summary, to determine the life cycle cost of a screw feeder versus the K3 vibratory feeder, we compared the total costs over 15 years for both feeders. The screw feeder’s total life cycle cost amounted to $62,550 compared to $44,410 for the vibratory feeder. The screw feeder’s initial cost is much lower than the vibratory feeder’s for the first 3 years. This is mainly due to the vibratory feeder’s higher investment costs in the beginning. However, from the fourth year of operation onwards, we can clearly see that the screw feeder costs exceed those of the vibratory feeder. The marked increase in year 8 for the vibratory feeder stems from the assumption that we may need to replace the electronic components after 7 years of operation. There’s a possibility that the drive may work just fine for the entire 15 years, but it’s good to factor in the possible replacement cost. While actual costs may vary depending on local markets, the overall proportion of costs will remain the same. If a LIW vibratory feeder is suitable for your bulk solids application, you’ll create product with equal or higher accuracy at much lower costs compared to using a screw feeder.

Published with permission from Powder and Bulk Engineering / CSC Publishing Inc. All rights reserved.